CLIMATE 

The climate of the District is generally of a tropical type. The annual rainfall ranges from 700mm-950mm pa. There are two periods of rain seasons. The short rain period (vuli) is   normally between October-December. Long rain period (masika) falls in between March to mid May.   The period from June to September is hot and dry. The average temperature ranges from 29⁰ C during day time and 19⁰ C at night.

DRAINAGE SYSTEM

• Itilima district is drained by one river system of the Simiyu. The river is in the Eastern part of the district and drains water into Lake Victoria. There is also a seasonal river of Gamaloha in the district that seasonally flows water into River Simiyu.
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• SECTION TWO
• DISTRICT ECONOMY
• Introduction
• The major economic activities of Itilima district are agricultural production and livestock keeping. More than 80% of the population engages in agriculture and livestock keeping. Subsistence farming is the main form of farming. Food crop production of which maize is the leading staple food crop is mainly aimed at meeting the family’s food requirements. Sorghum, Paddy, Sweet potatoes, Cassava, Beans, Green grams and Cowpeas are other food crops produced in the district. Cash crops are cotton, Sunflower and Yellow grams.

Livestock keeping is the second predominant economic activity which if properly exploited can contribute significantly to the district’s economy. The cattle population which is made up of indigenous breed is kept as evidence of personal wealth and prestige in a traditional way. Beside cattle, goats and sheep rearing are major activities in Itilima district.

Industries, beekeeping, trade and fishing activities are carried out at a small scale in a district.

PRODUCTIVE SECTORS

AGRICULTURE

Agriculture is the predominant economic sector in Itilima District. It is dominated by smallholder farmers in all 102 villages of the District. The bulk of agricultural production come from smallholder farmers who employ very little capital. The main inputs are labour and land. Currently farmers are encouraged to adopt advanced tools and modern methods of agriculture.

Tractors, power tiller and plough are implements highly encouraged in the district.

Table 13: Agriculture Implements by 2013/2014

Food Crops and Cash crops

Major food crops and cash crops produced in the region include maize, paddy,millet sorghum and cotton. The production of these crops for the year 2013/2014 is as shown in the tables below.

Table 15: Food crops

Table 16: Cash crops

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•  
• Table: Legumes

• Crops	Expected area(ha)	Area cultivated(ha)	Expected production(T)	Actual production(T)
  Beans	5,601.1	4,453.6	5,486.8	4,650
  Green grams	3,264.8	2,321.0	2,462.5	2,220
  Cowpeas	2,920.1	2,311.4	2,036.1	1,312
  Chickpeas	7,348.5	6,987.3	7,004.2	7,000
  Pigeon peas	3,689.4	3,112.5	3,985.3	1,770
  TOTAL	22,823.9	12,198.5	20,974.9	16,952

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  •  
  •  

• Crop	Expected area (ha)	Seeds (T)	Fertilizer (T)	Expected Production (T)
  Maize	44,111	441	11,028	93,816
  Millet	16,703	417.5	2,088	28,064
  Paddy	12,807	256	1,601	21,206
  Sweet potato	13,159	164,488 (Bags)	-	31,659
  Cassava	2,366	29,575 (Bags)	-	17,727
  Sorghum	204	4	-	269
  Total	89,350		9,207	192,741

  Food Crops

   

   

  The tables below show the expected crops and land area to be produced and cultivated respectively and other agriculture inputs needed for the year 2014/2015

  For the year 2014/2015 Itilima District is expecting to produce 192,741 tons of cereal and root crops, 24,136 tons of legumes and 66,198.5 tons of cash crops.

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  • Cash crops

  • Crops	Expected area (ha)	Seeds (T)	Fertilizer (T)	Expected Production (T)
    Cotton	39,326	983.2	4,916	49,157.5
    Groundnuts	6,144	30.7	768	7,593
    Sunflower	6,595	16.5	824	9,448
    TOTAL	52,064	1,030.4	6,508	66,198.5

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    •  
    •  
    • FOOD SECURITY
    • Itilima residents need more than 68,932 tons of cereals and 22,977 tons of legumes. There is a food shortage around the District which face a number of households. For the year 2014/2015 only 37,259 tons of cereals was harvested where as 5,258 tons of legumes was obtained. The insufficient harvests of both cereals and legumes was due to remarkable drought occurred from February to June 2015.
    • Table below:

  • Food	Estimate(tons)	Actual (tons)
    Cereals	68,932	37,259
    Legumes	22,977	5,258

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    •  
    •  
    •  
    •  
    • Food Price
    • The table below shows the average food price in the market for the year 2013/2014

    •           Reasons for Investing in Itilima District Council

      INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES

      More efforts is being emphasized on potential investors to establish both medium and large scale manufacturing industries

      In Itilima district there are small scale industries dealing with processing of cooking oil from sunflower seeds, cotton seeds, cotton cakes and ground nuts.

      Manufacturing is a process which involves tools and labor to produce goods for use or sale.  The term may refer to a range of human activities, from handcraft to high technology, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a small and large scale.  Such finished goods may be used to manufacture other more complex products, such as aircraft, household appliances or automobiles, or sold to wholesalers, who in turn sell them to retailers, who then sell them to end user – the consumer.

      MANUFACTURING

       

       

      Beekeeping is also practiced and is the growing source of income to the residents of Itilima and also is one of major ways in conserving forests and environments at large. There are total of 1095 beehives including 364 traditional and 731 modern beehives. The expectation is to harness 1302 liters of honey and 12Kg of wax. This is done through working hand-in-hand with District council, Itilima residents, World vision and Lake Victoria Environment Management Program (LVEMP II).

      Itilima District conserves environments and reserves both natural and artificial resources. Through working hand-in-hand by District council, Partners and citizens managed to sort areas within villages as Forest and Game reserves. The area of 27,414 ha is reserved around the villages of Migato, Shishani, Longalombogo and Mwanhunda. Meanwhile there are two gardens which is used for nursery trees in Ngeme and Ng’hesha village. The district has taken the charge of planting trees in order to conserve the environments where by 132,567 of trees were planted in the year 2013/2014.

      NATURAL RESOURCES

            

       

      Cattle	Goats	Sheep	Dogs	Poultry	Donkeys	Total
      296,322	100,220	48,177	13,752	206,086	89	664,646

      Table19: Estimated Livestock Population in Itilima District, 2014

      Livestock keeping is the second predominant economic activity in Itilima District.The district collectively has a number of livestock and residents of Itilima consider livestock keeping as one of their source of income. Lack of enough experts and personnel on this sub sector has become the most prominent challenge facing it. The district has only 20 livestock officers with a deficit of 111 livestock officers who are needed.

      LIVESTOCK

       

       

      TYPES OF ASSOCIATION	NUMBER OF ASSOCIATIONS
      SACCOS	22
      Livestock Keepers Association	10
      TOTAL	32

      Table: Association

      COOPERATIVE SECTOR.

                

      Sn	Crops	Minimum price/Kg (TSh)	Maximum price/Kg (TSh)
      1	Maize	350	400
      2	Rice	1,200	1,400
      3	Millet	300	350
      4	Sorghum	1,500	2,000
      5	Cassava(Makopa)	400	450
      6	Sweet potato	400	500
      7	Beans	1,500	1,800
      8	Other legumes	1,000	1,200

    • 
      
      • Arable land is an opportunity for Agriculture and Livestock keeping activities. According to the 2012 population and housing census, 90% of Itilima District people are farmers (73% of land is arable land). Maswa Game Reserve (24% of land) areas are opportunities where investors can invest in tourist industries.  Rivers/water bodies (3% of area) are other opportunities where investors can do irrigation farming.         
      • Due to large number of animals in Itilima District Council, investors may establish Animals related industries.
      • Administrative units are organization structures which can be used to administer development activities in the respective area.
      • Political Stability, ensure safeness of the investors.
      • High production of cotton, investors may initiate Manufacturing industries using cotton as a raw material.

    • 2.6.3 Other Investment Opportunities

    • 
      
      • Natural resources
      • Tourism
      • Transportation
      • Financial Institutions

    • The following are measures taken by the council to control truancy in primary schools:

      YEAR	GIRLS ENROLLED	GIRLE PREGNATED	%  PREGNATED
      2011	80,987	8	0.01
      2012	78,855	5	0.01
      2013	28,995	3	0.03

      The rate of truancy in the council is 0.2 % which is caused by some people who shift their settlement in order look for pasture for their cattle and others are involved in small business. The below illustrate the situation from the year 2011 to 2013.

      The situation of truancy in primary schools:

      ALLOCATED	REPORTED	% REPORTED	NOT REPORTED	% NOT REPORTED
      373	346	93	27	7

      Bariadi district council in the year of 2013 expected to recruit  373 grade III A teachers while the teacher who reported were  346  only equivalent  to  93 % as shown on table No 5 below :

      Recruitment of teachers in primary schools:

      YEAR	CANDIDATE	PASSED	%  PASSED	SELECTED FORM I	%SELECTED FORM I	FAILED	% FAILED
      2012	9,261	2,544	27.5	2.544	100	6,717	72.5
      2013	4,270	1,434	33.6	1,434	100	2,836	66.4

      Table Na. 4 Primary School leaving examination results and student selected to join form one (1) from 2012 to 2013:

      TYPES	REQUIREMENT	AVAILABLE	SHORTAGE	% OF SHORTAGE
      Classrooms	1503	489	1,014	67
      T/Houses	1,403	285	1,118	80
      Toilet-pits	2,617	358	2,259	86
      Offices	152	135	17	11
      Stores	210	27	183	87
      Desks	17,112	4,635	12,477	73
      Tables	2,307	611	1,696	74
      Chairs	2,358	771	1,587	67
      Cardboard	1411	639	772	55
      Shelves	495	39	456	92
      Water Tanks	124	19	105	85

      In actual fact the council is facing a huge problem of inadequate infrastructures in primary schools, to overcome this problem the council is on the process to co-operate with the community and other stake holders. Table number 3 shows the real situation.

      Infrastructure in primary schools:

       

      	BOYS	GIRLS	TOAL	%
      Expected	2,764	2,875	5,639	100
      Enrolled	2,396	2,617	5,017	89
      Not Enrolled	368	258	626	11

      Table: Enrolment in standard I in 2013.

       Bariadi district council makes sure that all aged school children are enrolled in standard one and continuer up to standard VII. The table number 2 below shows the real situation of standard one enrolment in the year of 2013.

      STANDARD ONE (I) ENROLMENT

       

      The council enrolled total number 56,507 pupils in those 70 schools including 27,512 boys and 28,995 girls.

      Bariadi district council has a total number of 70 primary schools; both are owned by public, the council has no primary school owned by privet sector.

      PRIMARY EDUCATION

       

      Bariadi district council has a total number of 69 pre-primary classes owned by public , these case have a total number 7,241 pupils out of them boys are 3,514 and girls are 3,727.

      PRE- PRIMARY EDUCATION ENROLMENT

      EDUCATION SECTOR

       

       

      Delay in disembarsement of fund.

      Inadequate staff housing that is as a result of inadequate funding for implementation of development of sectral infrastructures.

      Recurrent stock-out of drugs and medical equipments by 70%

      Inadequate health facilities  by 60%

      Shortage of skilled HRH by 65.4%

      CHALLENGES FACING THE HEALTH SECTOR

      A total of 2,920 treated mosquito nets were provided by the end of October 2013 to mothers attending ANC.

      By the end of October 2013, a total of 5 deaths of children under five and 3 deaths of above years of age were reported from different facilities in the council.

      IPD attendance had 644 children under five and 322 above five years of age.

      For the period of January October 2013, OPD attendance had 6,921 children below five years of age and 5,975 above five years of age clients which accounted for 38% of the total OPD attendance in all facilities.

      MALARIA SITUATION

      Clients who are on ARVs has increased to 573 until October 2013. In general, until November 2013 HIV/AIDS prevalence was at 3.7% compared to 5.1% of 2007.

      Up to October 2013, a total of 8,422 clients appeared for VCT and 120 out of them were found positive which accounted for 1.2%. The number of orphans due to HIV/AIDS up to October 2013 was 3,153 which is equal to 35% of the vulnerable children.

      YEAR	PERCENTAGE (%)
      2009	6.7
      2010	6.9
      2011	3.0
      2012	5.9
      October, 2013	3.7

      HIV/AIDS SITUATUATION

      Up to November 2013, immunization coverage has reached 96% of the targeted number of children of 162,197.

      Under five services have also improved where by mortality rate had reduced from 2/1000 live birth in 2009 to 12 deaths which is equivalent to 1/1000 live birth until November 2013.

      ANC attendance up to October 2013 was at 97% (12,972 women), while facility deliveries stood at 34% (4,559). Family planning coverage increased to 16% which is equal to 3,789 mothers.

      There has been an improvement in maternal and child health services in the council. Up to October 2013, data shows 1 maternal mortality which is equivalent to 7.4/100,000 live birth compared to the national data of 454/100,000 live birth.

          MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICES

      HEALTH FACILITY	COUNCIL RATIO	NATIONAL RATIO
      RURAL HEALTH CENTRE	1:133,648	1:50,000
      BEDS AT HEALTH CENTRE	1:8744
      DISPENSARY	1:12,728	1:10,000
      MEDICAL DOCTORS	1:267,296	1:48,000

      FACILITY BED CAPACITY RATIO AGAINST HEALTH WORKERS (MEDICAL DOCTORS) 

      Staff housing in most health facilities, especially those located in rural areas is still a big challenge facing the health sector in the council that hinders implementation of some activities like allocation of staff.

      KADA	REQUIREMENT	AVAILABLE	DEFICIT
      MEDICAL DOCTOR	3	1	2
      ASST. MEDICAL  DOCTOR	6	3	3
      HEALTH SECRETARY	4	3	1
      CLINICAL OFFICER	30	13	17
      CLINICAL ASISTANT	42	10	32
      ASST.NURSING OFFICER	50	9	41
      NURSES	50	22	28
      MEDICAL ATTENDANT	60	23	37
      SOCIAL WELFARE OFFICER	1	1	0
      ASST. DENTAL OFFICER	3	1	2
      PERSONEL SECRETARY	1	1	0
      MEDICAL RECORD	1	1	0
      LAB TECHNOLOGIST	4	4	0
      ASST/LAB TECHNOLOGISTY	24	6	18
      ASST HEALTH OFFICER	16	5	11
      HEALTH ASST	6	1	5
      PHARMACIST	2	0	2
      PHAMACETICAL TECH	5	0	5
      OPTOMETRICIAN	5	0	5
      DENTAL SURGEON	2	0	2
      RADIOGRAPHER	5	0	5
      TOTAL	320	104	216

      Health sector is still facing a deficit in human resource for health. As per this year, the sector has a total of 104 skilled health workers, leaving a gap of 197 health workers that are needed. The table below shows availability of human resource for health;

       AVAILABILITY OF STAFF

       

      OWNERSHIP	HOSPITAL	HEALTH CENTRE	DISPENSARY
      GOVERNMENT	0	3	27
      FAITH BASED ORGANIZATION	0	1	1
      TOTAL	0	4	28

      The district has 0 hospital, 3 government health centers, 1 FBO health centre, 27 government dispensaries, 1 private dispensary, 1 FBO dispensary and 1 armed force dispensary. In general, the council has 32 health facilities as it is shown in the table below;

      AVAILABILITY OF HEALTH FACILITIES

      HEALTH SECTOR

      CHAPTER FOUR

      Most of the population depends on firewood/charcoal and kerosene as their major sources of energy. There are few villages in the district have access to electricity, Lagangabilili, Luguru, Budalabujiga, Nyamalapa, Mwamapalala, Bumera, Laini, Nanga, Migato and Nkoma to mention few. The Government through Rural Electricity Agency (REA) is making great effort to facilitate more villages with access to electricity.

      Major Sources

      Energy

       

      Itilima District Council telecommunication system has 4 telephone lines these are Airtel, Vodacom, Tigo, Halotel. Currently there is neither post office nor financial institutions but more effort is put to invite and attract these institutions

      Telecommunications

      S/No	Descriptions	Kms
      1.	Trunk roads	46
      2.	Regional roads	36
      3.	District roads	225
      4.	Feeder roads	409
      Total		716

      Distribution of roads in Itilima District Council

       

      Itilima District Council has a road network of 692.3 Km including 53.68 Km of Regional roads, 227.9 Km of District roads (collector roads), 390.72 Km  of District roads (feeder roads) and 20 Km of Urban roads categorized into four main groups namely Trunk, Regional, District and Feeder Roads.  The distribution of these kilometers is 46kms, 36kms, 225kms and 409kms for Trunk, Regional, District and Feeder roads respectively.

      Roads

      ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE

      CHAPTER THREE

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

    • 
      
      • The school committees and village committees with highly cooperation towards to control truancy in schools.
      • People who are victimized to pregnant school girls will be sent to court.
      • To establish by-laws at village level against parents who entertain truancy.
      • To establish unity in each school which will deal cancelling and guidance to girls who are in tender age.   
      • To educate the society due to the importance of education for children.

    • It is the aim of the Itilima to reduce the level of poverty as shown below in ACTION TAKEN BY THE DISTRICT COUNCIL TO EMPOWER COMMUNITY ECONOMICALLY.

      On the whole, there do not appear to be large differences between poor households and the rest of the population in the distance to basic social services. Primary schools and health centers are reasonably equitably distributed. The poor have further to travel to drink water, but differences in the average distances are not large.

      Poor households are more likely to depend on an unprotected source of drinking water, and less likely to have piped water, than households that are not poor. They are also less likely to use a toilet and to have an electricity connection.

      The poor do not report higher levels of illness and injury; in children the reverse is the case. It may be that this is due to different perceptions of illness in the different groups. When they are ill, the poor are somewhat less likely to see a health provider. This means that they will benefit less from public expenditure on health than the rest of population, although the differences in the use of health services are not large.

      Looked at the relationship between social sector indicators and poverty. Poor households were much less likely than other to send their children to school. These differentials have increased over the decade- while the enrolment of the children in households that are not poor has increased; enrolment has fallen for the poorest households. In the future, these children may then go on to be uneducated household heads, which are particularly likely to be poor, creating a cycle of poverty that the education system has failed to break.

      Not all groups have benefited equally from 1990s. Poverty has declined most amongst the employed and self-employed, particularly employees in the private sector. In contrast, poverty appears to have increased in the economically inactive, the uneducated and in the household with large numbers of dependents.

      Poverty levels are strongly related to education. Over half of the individuals in households where the head has no education are poor, compared to household where the head has been above primary school level.

      This poverty trends has shown that households with a large number of members, and a large number of dependants, have high levels of poverty, as do household with a head who is economically inactive. Households that depend on agriculture also have high levels of poverty; amongst these, those that depend on the sale of livestock are particularly likely to be poor.

      Conclusions

      Poverty reduction efforts in Itilima District Council are guided by various medium and long term development policy frameworks and strategies including the Tanzania Development Vision 2025, describes the kind of society Tanzania envisages in the year 2025, -a society characterized by high quality livelihood, good governance and rule of law, and a strong competitive economy. The vision identifies the broad areas of focus which underpin other medium term policies and strategies in the country, the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (MKUKUTA in Swahili), the National Millennium Development Goals (2015), Ruling party manifesto (2010-2015 CCM Manifesto) and other directives from the higher government leaders.

      POVERTY TRENDS IN ITILIMA DISTRICT COUNCIL

       

      Itilima District Council has 66 Associations namely: - 15 Sacco’s, 44 Crop Associations, 6 Livestock keepers Association and 1 processor Association (Ginneries).

      ASSOCIATIONS 

      CHAPTER FIVE

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

      Most of the water sources are seasonal and depend on the amount of rains that falls.  On the other hand the hand dug well also depends on the rains.  With few rains in the season you get less water or the wells completely dry up during the dry season.

      Unreliable water supply:

      The new piped schemes working do not work to their full capacity due to lack of funds for operational and maintenance. 

      Operational Costs:-

      Water contamination:--  These traditional water sources are not well protected, therefore sometimes the people share with animals and at the same time the people themselves bath and wash clothes near these water sources especially the dams/charcoal and river sources.

      Basically as already mentioned, more than 48% of the people in the Council depend on traditional water sources as their major source of water supply.  Acute water problems facing the people in Itilima District Council include the following:

      4.3.4 Problems Facing Rural Water Supply

       The main objective of having improved sanitation facilities is to enhance the impact of improved water sources so as to maintain the health status of the Communities.

      The problem of water pollution in this Council is caused by various factors particularly less use of latrine.

       

      S/No	Type	Number	Percentage (%)
      1.	Number of Households	35,711
      2.	Households with any form of Latrine	20,238	56.7
      3.	Households with Improved latrine	3,462	9.7
      4.	Households with Sharing Latrines	3,952	11.1
      5.	Households Without Latrine	7,411	20.8
      6.	Households with Public Latrine	648	1.8
      7.	Number of Households connected to sewerage facilities	N/A	0

                SEWAGE AND SANITATION

       

      Na.	Title	Number
      1	Engineer II	1
      2	Principal Tech.	2
      3	Senior Technician	0
      4	Technician I	0
      5	Assistant Technician	1

      Number of staff establishment of water supply personnel 

      No	Type	Rural water Supply
      1.	Pumping	2
      2.	Boreholes (dip wells)	8
      3.	Shallow wells	476
      4.	Dams	2
      5.	Reserve (malambo)	25
      6.	Water tanks	29
      7.	Number of water user groups (WUGs)	476
      8.	Operation and maintenance accounts (O & M)	476
      9.	Water supply coverage (%)	51.3

      Rural Water Supply

      WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION

      To submit special request to the government to allocate the budget which will curb the real situation.

      To make budget reallocation of 2013/2014 by December,2013 in regard to the priority of Laboratories construction.

      Stratagies to combat Challengies.

      Little fund provided from the Central government.

      Droughts that has affected community contribution.

                Challenges encountered:

      The District through its District Councils will use its own source of income and Central government Grant to construct 3 laboratories in each school. First step is construction of laboratories foundation Completed by February 2014.Community will contribute the construction of walls of the laboratories, District councils through its own source together with sponsors/Donors contribution will complete the construction laboratories in secondary schools by 2014.

      Laboratories Construction Strategies.

      Type of building	Required	Available	Shortage	% of shortage
      Itilima District council
      Classrooms	142	138	4	2.8
      Administration Block	22	22	0	0
      Teachers Houses	186	66	120	64.5
      Laboratories	66	7	59	85.5

      TABLE NO. 8: SITUATION OF SEC. SCHOOLS BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.

      The Itilima District Council has taken different measures to strengthen the availability of secondary schools infrastructure including community participation.

      CONSTRUCTION OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS BUILDINGS.

       

       

       

      Number of schools						Number of teachers
      GO’MENT		PRIVATE		TOTAL		REQUIRED		AVAILABLE			TOTAL
      								M		F
      Itilima District Council
      22	0		22		293		155		31		186

      NUMBER OF SEC.SCHOOLS AND TEACHERS. 

      	Male	Female	Total
      Itilima DC	3,730	1,784	5,514

      The Council  has 22 government secondary schools. Schools has a total number of 186 teachers,where 155 are male and 31 female teachers.There are also 5,514 students as in the table below

      SECONDARY SCHOOL